Cobalt based lithium-ion batteries
The positive electrode uses lithium cobalt oxide. Lithium cobalt oxide is relatively easy to synthesize and easy to use, so the earliest mass-produced lithium-ion battery was cobalt oxide lithium-ion battery. But due to cobalt being a rare metal and expensive, it is hardly used in automotive parts.
Manganese based lithium-ion batteries
The positive electrode uses lithium manganese oxide. The advantage is that the voltage can be similar to cobalt based lithium-ion batteries, and the manufacturing cost is cheap. The disadvantage is that manganese may melt into the electrolyte during charging and discharging, shortening the lifespan of the battery.
Lithium ion batteries based on iron phosphate
The positive electrode uses lithium iron phosphate. The advantages of iron phosphate based lithium-ion batteries are that even the internal heating structure is difficult to damage, high safety, and using iron as raw material, the manufacturing cost is lower than that of manganese based batteries. But the voltage is lower than other lithium-ion batteries.
Ternary lithium-ion batteries
The ternary lithium-ion battery is manufactured using cobalt, nickel, and manganese materials to reduce the amount of cobalt used. Nowadays, most ternary lithium-ion batteries have a higher proportion of nickel. Although the voltage is slightly lower than cobalt and manganese series, it can reduce manufacturing costs. However, despite this, the synthesis and preparation of various materials are difficult, with low stability, and there are still unresolved issues as practical materials.
